Papilledema
- refers to optic disc edema due to increased intracranial pressure, while optic disc edema is the more general term that can be from any etiology.
- veins are engorged
- central cup is obliterated
- blood vessels are obscured at disc margin
- flame shaped haemorrhages
- cotton wool spots
- hard exudates
- retina is displaced from the disc with enlargement of the blind spot
differentials
- Malignant hypertension
- Raised intracranial pressure
- Benign intracranial hypertension
- intracranial masses
- primary CNS malignancies
- cerebral metastases
- hydrocephalus
- Venous sinus thrombosis
- extra-axial fluid collection
- subdural hemorrhages
- subdural hygromas
- subdural empyemas
- meningeal disease
- meningioma(s)
- leptomeningeal carcinomatosis
- granulomatous conditions / infections
- tuberculosis
- neurosarcoidosis
- central retinal venous occlusion
- ischaemic optic neuropathy
- optic neuritis
- unilateral with sudden loss of vision
- Sarcoidosis
- demyelinating disease
- Optic nerve tumours