GASTROENTEROLOGY

Chronic Fatty Diarrhea (Malabsorptive Diarrhea)

    Definition: Steatorrhea refers to the passage of pale, bulky, foul-smelling, greasy stools due to fat malabsorption.


    Common Causes by Mechanism

    1. Gastric Hypersecretion
    • Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
      • Excess gastric acid inactivates pH-sensitive pancreatic lipases, impairing fat digestion.
    2. Medication-Induced Malabsorption
    • Orlistat (Xenical) – inhibits pancreatic lipases.
    • Acarbose – may cause osmotic diarrhoea and contribute to malabsorption.
    3. Proximal Small Bowel Disorders (Impaired Nutrient Absorption)
    • Coeliac disease
    • Tropical sprue
    • Giardiasis
    • Whipple’s disease(Tropheryma whipplei)
      • Diarrhoea, steatorrhea, weight loss, arthropathy (large joints), fever, CNS involvement.
    4. Carbohydrate Malabsorption (May co-exist with steatorrhea)
    • Lactose intolerance
    • Fructose malabsorption
    5. Small Intestinal Infiltrative or Structural Disorders
    • Lymphoma
    • Amyloidosis
    • HIV enteropathy
    • Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO)
    6. Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency
    • Chronic pancreatitis
    • Cystic fibrosis
    • Pancreatic duct obstruction (e.g., neoplasm)
    • Post-pancreatectomy
    7. Bile Acid Deficiency or Malabsorption
    • Cholestatic liver diseases:
      • Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC)
      • Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC)
    • Distal ileal disease or resection (e.g., Crohn’s disease)
      • Reduced bile acid reabsorption → decreased micelle formation.
    • SIBO – causes bile acid deconjugation.

    Clinical Features

    • Pale, bulky, frothy, greasy stools
    • Foul-smelling faeces
    • Nutritional deficiencies and weight loss
    • Flatulence and bloating
    • Symptoms improve or resolve during fasting

    Diagnostic Work-Up

    • Faecal elastase-1 – screening test for pancreatic insufficiency
    • Celiac serology – anti-tTG IgA (check total IgA)
    • Stool chymotrypsin – alternative pancreatic function test
    • Consider:
      • Faecal fat quantification (72-hour collection)
      • Breath tests for SIBO
      • Endoscopy with biopsy (if coeliac or Whipple’s suspected)
      • MRCP or CT (if pancreatic or biliary pathology suspected)

    Complications

    • Malnutrition and weight loss – ↑ infection risk, ↓ healing, ↑ morbidity
    • Fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies (A, D, E, K)
      • Vitamin D deficiency → osteoporosis, osteopenia, fractures
      • Vitamin K deficiency → coagulopathy
    • Iron deficiency anaemia (especially in coeliac disease)
    • Zinc deficiency – immune dysfunction, poor wound healing
    • Megaloblastic anaemia (B12 deficiency from terminal ileum disease or SIBO)
    • Coeliac disease-specific complications:
      • Dermatitis herpetiformis
      • Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
      • GI adenocarcinoma
    • Chronic pancreatitis sequelae:
      • Pancreatic pseudocyst
      • Diabetes mellitus
      • Splenic vein thrombosis
      • Pancreatic cancer

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