the adrenal gland is made up of the outer cortex & inner medulla arterial supply comes from the inferior mesenteric artery & renal arteries as…
Adrenal Insufficiency can be defined Real, Iatrogenic, and Imagined 1. Real (Primary and Secondary) Adrenal Insufficiency 2. Iatrogenic Adrenal Insufficiency 3. Imagined (Functional) Adrenal Insufficiency…
Diabetes insipidus (DI) Diabetes insipidus CAUSES OF CENTRAL DIABETES INSIPIDUS ASSESSMENT DIAGNOSIS
Circadian rhythms & stress 🡪 CNS higher centres (NA, ACH, 5HT) 🡪 Hypothalamus (CRH) 🡪 Anterior pituitary (ACTH) 🡪 Adrenal cortex fasciculata (cortisol) Symptoms Clinical…
diagnosis Assessing diabetes risk Patients should be assessed for diabetes risk Australian Type 2 Diabetes Risk Assessment Tool (AUSDRISK) Based on AUSDRISK score developing type…
initial management Management plan – non pharmacological Quarterly Review: Yearly Review: The blood glucose profile Setting glycaemic targets The general target for glycaemic control is …
Macrovascular Complications of Diabetes 1. Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) 2. Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) 3. Cerebrovascular Disease HYPERTENSION DYSLIPIDAEMIA Microvascular Complications of Diabetes 1. Nephropathy…
Step 1 Good dietary habits and physical activity Step 2 Add metformin (use a Sulphonylurea if metformin not tolerated or contraindicated) Step 3 Add a…
Sick day plan for type 2 diabetes What to consider What to do Be prepared for sick days Ensure you know how to use your…
Type 1 diabetes Type 2 DM: can occur in children + adolescents if overweight but usually older adults, often family hx. Most people are asymptomatic.…
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) potentially life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus resulting from the consequences of insulin deficiency Diagnostic criteria PATHOGENESIS HISTORY EXAMINATION INVESTIGATIONS MANAGEMENT Resuscitate Acid-base…
Hyperprolactinemia
Classification Diagnosis Screening: 2nd Trimester – 24-28 weeks gestation Screening : 1st Trimester if multiple RFs for early diagnosis: if Bariatric Surgery HbA1c vs GTT…
(Conn’s syndrome – both hyper-secretions are “C” diseases – cf. Cushing’s) Causes: clinical features: Differentials for Hypertension with Hypokalemia Labs Factors affecting the aldosterone-to-renin ratio…
is needed in many other enzymes as co-factor : ECF calcium concentration are maintained within a narrow range by feedback mechanisms that involve PTH and…
OVERVIEW PATHOPHYSIOLOGY HISTORY RISK FACTORS EXAMINATION INVESTIGATIONS Diagnostic Criteria Investigations for cause MANAGEMENT Resuscitation Treatment
Physiology Causes of hyperprolactinaemia Examples Physiological (transient hyperprolactinaemia) – These increases are transient, and usually do not exceed twice the upper limit of normal reference…
Thyroid Hormone Regulation Functions of Thyroid Hormone Hyperthyroidism Hyperthyroidism is characterized by an excessive concentration of thyroid hormones in tissues, caused by increased synthesis, excessive…
CAUSES HISTORY EXAMINATION INVESTIGATIONS MANAGEMENT
Insulin + sulphonylureas can cause symptomatic hypoglycaemia. Diabetic Emergencies Intervention Mild and moderate hypoglycaemia can be treated by following the ‘Rule of 15’’ (If BGL…
AETIOLOGY Clinical Features Appearance Puffy and pale faciesDry, brittle hairSparse eyebrowsDry, cool skinThickened and brittle nailsMyxoedema – fluid infiltration of tissues Energy and nutrient metabolism…
Hyperparathyroidism three types of Hyperparathyroidism [CKD → impaired renal phosphate excretion → ↑ phosphate blood levels→ ↑ PTH secretion] [CKD → ↓ biosynthesis of active…
Pituitary adenoma – are the most common pituitary tumours– may be functional or non-functioning– defined as : microadenomas if <10 mm in maximum diameter macroadenomas if…
excessive thirst and compulsive water drinking. Signs and symptoms of psychogenic polydipsia include
Androgen physiology Aetiology of androgen deficiency Primary: Secondary: Primary Hypogonadism Secondary Hypogonadism Two-sided relationship between OSA, obesity, and testosterone level. OSAS and obesity contribute to…
Thyroid Hormone Regulation and Metabolism Active and Inactive Forms of Thyroid Hormones Function: Effects on Foetal Development Effects on Oxygen Consumption, Heat Production and Free…
AFP – Thyroid disease in the perinatal period http://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2012/august/thyroid-disease-in-the-perinatal-period/ Etg therapeutic guidelines – thyroid disorders and pregnancy Hypothyroidism Management Hyperthyroidism Management TSH Measurement Recommendations Iodine…
Thyroid nodules are often picked up as incidental findings on clinical examination, or on imaging (usually carotid ultrasound) for another purpose. They can cause problems…
Precipitants of Thyroid Storm Pathophysiology Clinical Manifestations Organ System Symptoms Signs CNS Anxietyconfusiondelirium Hyperreflexiaseizurescoma psychosis, lethargy Cardiovascular Palpitationschest paindyspnoea Sinus tachycardiaatrial fibrillation on exertion widened…