Physiology Causes of hyperprolactinaemia Examples Physiological (transient hyperprolactinaemia) – These increases are transient, and usually do not exceed twice the upper limit of normal reference ranges. PregnancyLactationExerciseCoitusChest wall/nipple stimulationStressSeizure Macroprolactinaemia– arises when immunoglobulins in serum bind prolactin to create high-molecular-weight forms of prolactin. – As clearance of these macroprolactin molecules…

CAUSES HISTORY EXAMINATION INVESTIGATIONS MANAGEMENT

Pituitary adenoma – are the most common pituitary tumours– may be functional or non-functioning– defined as : microadenomas if <10 mm in maximum diameter macroadenomas if ≥10 mm in maximum diameter ‘giant’ pituitary adenomas if >4 cm in maximum diameter Clinically non-functioning pituitary tumours (absence of any clinically significant hormonal hypersecretion, clinical problems…

Androgen physiology Aetiology of androgen deficiency Primary: Secondary: Primary Hypogonadism Secondary Hypogonadism  Two-sided relationship between OSA, obesity, and testosterone level. OSAS and obesity contribute to reduce testosterone level in bloodstream; at the same time, lower testosterone level worsens obesity and sleep disorders. OSA, obstructive sleep apnea; OSAS, OSA syndrome Partial/Transient…