• IMMUNOLOGY

    Allergies

    Types of Allergic Reactions IgE-mediated (Type I Hypersensitivity) Pathlogy: Common Aeroallerens implicated in IgE-mediated allergy The commonest foods implicated in IgE-mediated allergy are:  Common Uncommon Children with IgE-mediated food allergy frequently have other atopic disease, such as Anaphylactoid Reactions vs. Anaphylactic Reactions Anaphylactoid reactions (now often referred to as non-IgE-mediated…

  • IMMUNOLOGY

    Allergy Investigations

    Investigations for food allergy are neither necessary nor interpretable in the acute setting Serum tryptase Baseline Tryptase Key Points Total IgE Eosinophil Count Non-allergic angioedema Type I & II (C1 esterase inhibitor) hereditary angioedema Diagnosis of specific allergan to food allergy requires convincing history and is supported by: Skin Prick…

  • EMERGENCY,  IMMUNOLOGY

    Anaphylaxis 

    (1) Acute onset of an illness (minutes to several hours) with involvement of the skin, mucosal tissue, or both AND at least 1 of the following: (2) Two or more of the following that occur rapidly after exposure to a likely allergen for that patient (minutes to several hours): (3)…

  • IMMUNOLOGY

    Atopy

    Atopic Triad Who Gets Atopy? Causes Clinical Features Clinical Features in Different Skin Types Complications Diagnosis Differential Diagnoses Treatment Prevention Outcome

  • IMMUNOLOGY,  PAEDIATRICS,  VASCULAR

    Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP)

    Examination Assess for Features Vitals Hypertension    Skin Palpable purpura, petechiae and ecchymoses  Usually symmetrical Gravity/pressure-dependent areas (buttocks and lower limbs in ambulatory children)  Painful subcutaneous oedema  Periorbital area Dependent areas (hands, feet, scrotum)  Joints Arthritis/arthralgia  Usually affects large joints of lower limbs Occasionally upper limbs Usually no significant effusion…

  • IMMUNOLOGY

    IgE mediated food allergy

    Prevalence: Pattern of Food Allergies: Food Anaphylaxis: Recognition and Management: Treatment Considerations: Diagnosis: Long-term Management: Inadvertent Exposures: Risk Factors for Fatal Food Anaphylaxis: Preventive Measures:

  • IMMUNOLOGY,  PAEDIATRICS

    Introducing Solid Foods to Babies for Allergy Prevention

    Key Points Include Common Allergenic Foods One Allergenic Food per Meal Regular Introduction Variety of Foods Texture for Development Stage Note on Allergy Development Questions and Answers: from https://www.allergy.org.au/patients/allergy-prevention/ascia-how-to-introduce-solid-foods-to-babies Q1: Why Should Egg and Peanut Be Introduced by 12 Months of Age? Q2: How Should Egg and Peanut Be Introduced?…

  • IMMUNOLOGY,  PAEDIATRICS,  VASCULAR

    Kawasaki Disease

    Background Assessment Epidemiology Etiology and Pathogenesis Clinical Presentation Diagnostic Criteria Kawasaki disease: Diagnostic criteriaFever persisting for 5 days, PLUS 4 of the 5 following criteria:  A diagnosis earlier than 5 days can be made with a typical presentation in consultation with an experienced clinician KD can be diagnosed with less than…

  • IMMUNOLOGY

    Multiple myeloma

     clonal malignancy of the differentiated β lymphocyte—the plasma cell. Pathology Clinical Life threatening Cx’s of myeloma Diagnostic criteria comprise the presence of: Staging according to Durie Salmon criteria Median survival for patients with myeloma = 3-4 years. (younger patients may live longer) Symptoms Investigations Treatment

  • IMMUNOLOGY

    National Immunisation Program Schedule (vaccinations)

    View Immunisation Table Close Immunisation Type/Name/Infection Type Birth 2 months 4 months 6 months 12 months 18 months 4 years 12-13 years 14-16 years ≥50 years ≥65 years Other Risk Groups Hepatitis B H-B-Vax® II Paediatric or Engerix B® Paediatric Infanrix® hexa or Vaxelis® Infanrix® hexa or Vaxelis® Infanrix® hexa…

  • IMMUNOLOGY

    Non-IgE mediated food allergy

    Assessment Summary of conditions   Proctocolitis Enteropathy FPIES Average age <6 months <6 months <12 months Vomit Usually not prominent May be present Profuse +++ Stools Blood, mucous usually present Mucous +/- blood may be present May have loose stools Lethargy No Can be present Common Pallor No Possible Common…

  • ENT,  IMMUNOLOGY,  NOSE,  RESPIRATORY

    Rhinitis

    Rhinitis, also known as coryza, is irritation and inflammation of the mucous membrane inside the nose. Common symptoms are a stuffy nose, runny nose, sneezing, and post-nasal drip. Allergic Rhinitis IgE-mediated hypersensitivity. While this classification is useful for specific treatments such as allergen avoidance and immunotherapy, in practice, nonallergic and…

  • DERMATOLOGY,  IMMUNOLOGY,  PRURITIS

    Urticaria

    Clinical Recommendations Urticaria Characteristics Etiology and Pathophysiology Aggravating Factors Classification CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO SITE Clinical History and Examinaiton Possible Etiologies: CLINICAL CLUE POSSIBLE ETIOLOGY Abdominal pain, dizziness, hypotension, large erythematous patches, shortness of breath, stridor, tachycardia Anaphylaxis Dermatographism, physical stimuli Physical urticaria Food ingestion temporally related to symptoms Food allergy…