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animal/Mammalian Bites
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Antibiotic prescribing in primary care – eTG summary table 2024
Indication Antibiotic Dose Notes Acute Rhinosinusitis Symptomatic treatment N/A Antibiotic treatment is required rarely—most cases are viral. Acute Otitis Media in Children Amoxicillin 15 mg/kg up to 500 mg orally, 8-hourly for 5 days Symptomatic treatment for most children. 80% of cases spontaneously resolve without antibiotic treatment. Advise the carer…
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Antibiotic Sensitivity Overview
Antibiotics in bold also cover Enterococcus Faecalis. For simplicity, atypical organisms are not shown.ESBL-producing organisms are not susceptible to most antibiotics containing a beta-lactam ring; carbapenems† are the usual agent of choice.*ESCAPPM organisms are Enterobacter spp., Serratia spp., Citrobacter freundii, Aeromonas spp., Proteus spp., Providencia spp. & Morganella morganii. Adapted from the Wellington…
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calculators
Pain –Pain – Paracetamol (oral): 15 mg/kg/dose (maximum 1 g) QID (Dose based on ideal body weight)Pain – Ibuprofen (oral) : 10 mg/kg/dose (maximum 400 mg) Q6hPain – Oxycodone (oral) 0.1 mg/kg/dose (maximum 5 mg) QID Asplenia/Hyposplenism – Antibiotic prophylaxis (Daily antibiotics) Amoxicillin 20 mg/kg (up to 250 mg) orally,…
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Chikungunya
Introduction Etiology Epidemiology Pathophysiology Histopathology History and Physical Evaluation Treatment / Management Differential Diagnosis Prognosis Complications Consultations Deterrence and Patient Education Pearls and Other Issues Enhancing Healthcare Team Outcomes
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Cold Chain Management
Cold Chain Management Cold Chain System Cold Chain Management Requirements Essential Steps in Proper Cold Chain Management Cold Chain Breaches (CCB)
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Cutaneous larva migrans
Cause Risk Factors Infection Mechanism Signs and Symptoms Treatment
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Diarrhoea
Red flag Potential cause Patient history associated respiratory symptoms (Children with acute gastroenteritis may have concomitant adenovirus or respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causing the associated respiratory symptoms) coronavirus disease (COVID-19)—gastrointestinal symptoms may precede respiratory symptomsleptospirosisanaphylaxis severe abdominal pain cause requiring surgical intervention (eg appendicitis, mesenteric ischaemia, perforated viscus, bowel obstruction)—more…
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Diphtheria
Resurgence and Current Risk Recent Cases in Developed Countries History and Physical Evaluation Treatment / Management Differential Diagnosis Prognosis Complications
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Entamoeba histolytica infection (amoebiasis)
Symptoms Signs Labs Treatment
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Erythema Infectiosum (Fifth Disease)
Fetal effects of Parvovirus B19 Antenatal diagnosis and management IgM is detectable within 1-3 weeks of exposure and usually remains detectable for 2-3months, but sometimes longer Management plan for recent maternal Parvovirus infection
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Fever (in a child)
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Fever and Chills
Introduction Fever of Undetermined Origin (FUO) Definition (Petersdorf–Beeson Criteria) Red Flag Pointers for Fever Common Causes Duration of Fever Patients Needing Further Investigation Diagnostic Approach History Examination Basic Investigations Further Possible Investigations FUO in Children Common Causes Septicaemia definitions: Bacteraemia The transient presence of bacteria in the blood (usually implies asymptomatic)…
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Giardia intestinalis infection (giardiasis)
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Glandular fever (EBV)
clinical features of acute EBV infection Adolescent infectious mononucleosis Clinical Status IgM VCA(<36)* IgG VCA(<18)* Anti-EA(<9)* Anti-EBNA(<18)* Susceptible Negative Negative Negative Negative Acute Primary Infection Positive Positive Positive Neg/Wk Pos Recent Primary Infection Neg/Wk Pos Positive Positive Positive Past Infection Negative Positive Negative Positive Reactivation in Immunosuppressed orImmunocompromised Individuals Negative…
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Hep B vaccination
Monovalent HB Vaccines Combination Vaccines for Pediatric Use Combination Vaccines with Hepatitis A Interchangeability and Safety Seroconversion and Immune Response Decline of Antibodies Long-Term Efficacy and Breakthrough Infections Efficacy of HB Vaccine Adverse Events Contraindications and Precautions Interactions Testing for Immunity After Immunisation Post-immunisation antibody testing is best done 1–3…
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Herpes – HSV 1
Symptoms Reactivation risk: DDx: Complications of herpetic gingivostomatitis Treatment Aciclovir 400 mg (child: 10 mg/kg up to 400 mg) orally, 5 times daily for 7 days OR famciclovir 500 mg orally, 12-hourly for 7 days OR valaciclovir 1 g orally, 12-hourly for 7 days Adverse effects of acyclovir include nausea,…
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Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus
VZV distributions of the fifth cranial nerve (trigeminal nerve), shared by the eye and ocular adnexa Red Flags Background Risk Factors History Examination Signs Specific Examination Components Differential diagnosis Management of Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus (HZO) Skin Rash Treatment Ocular Treatment Antiviral Therapy Systemic/Oral Prednisolone Elevated Intraocular Pressure (IOP) Pain Management…
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Herpes Zoster/Shingles
Pathophysiology of Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) Infection Chickenpox (Primary VZV Infection): Chickenpox is caused by the primary infection with Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV). During the initial infection, the virus spreads throughout the body, primarily affecting the skin and respiratory tract. This results in the characteristic widespread vesicular rash of chickenpox. The virus…
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Impetigo
Aetiology of Impetigo Approach to Managing Impetigo Preventative measures Outcome Antibiotic Therapy for Impetigo (Including Dosages – from eTG)
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Infectious Mononucleosis (EBV)
Transmission Clinical features Complications Investigations Management
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Japanese Encephalitis
Introduction Symptoms of Japanese Encephalitis Incubation Period: Typically 5–15 days from infection to illness onset. Initial Symptoms Progression of Symptoms Common Symptoms in Children Asymptomatic Infections Neurologic Illness Long-term Effects Etiology Epidemiology Pathophysiology History and Physical Exam Evaluation Treatment and Management Differential Diagnosis Prognosis Prevention of Japanese Encephalitis Vaccination Other…
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Measles
Investigations Complications TREATMENT PREVENTION
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Meningitis
Differentials for Headache and fever: History Examination Red flag features in Red Meningitis Encephalitis HistoryFeverImmunisation historyRecent antibiotic exposureInfant: = minimal or non-specific symptoms= irritabilityl= ethargy or drowsiness= poor feeding= hyper or hypotonia= vomiting and diarrhoea= temperature instability Child, any of the above and/or:= headache= photophobia= nausea= altered conscious state Preceding URTI…
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Meningitis
Kernig sign: Brudzinski sign: Antibiotics must not be delayed for more than 30 minutes after the decision to treat is madeAntimicrobial recommendations may vary according to local antimicrobial susceptibility patterns; please refer to local guidelines Age group Common organisms Empiric antibiotic Dexamethasone Meningitis 0–2 months Group B streptococci (GBS), Escherichia…
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MRSA Decolonization
Why am I having Decolonisation Treatment? Important Points about Decolonisation Treatment Skin Care Before Starting Decolonisation Treatment Decolonisation Treatment Instructions TWO PART TREATMENT How to Use Nasal Ointment How to Use Body Wash
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Mumps
Infectious agent: Mumps virus
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Peritonsillar abscess (quinsy)
Epidemiology Pathophysiology Symptoms Physical Exam Findings Clinical features associated with airway obstruction or deep neck space infection Conditions associated with airway obstruction or deep neck space infection Initial Management: Abscess drainage Antibiotics OR continue intravenous therapy for 1 to 2 days following successful abscess drainage, then switch oral therapy Antibiotics…
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Pharyngitis / Sore Throat
causes Condition Details conditions associated with airway obstruction or deep neck space infection Acute epiglottitisPeritonsillar abscess (quinsy)Retropharyngeal abscessParapharyngeal abscesspharyngeal diphtheriaEpstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection – severeCroup – severeBacterial Tracheitis – severeSpreading odontogenic infections (including Ludwig angina)Septic jugular thrombophlebitis (part of Lemierre syndrome) viral pharyngitis and tonsillitis Most common cause of sore…
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Q Fever
Most common zoonotic disease in Australia Differentials Clinical Investigation Treatment Prevention Chronic Q fever Q Fever Vaccine Guide
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Rabies
Disease Occurrence and Public Health Significance Australian Bat Lyssavirus (ABLV) Transmission Incubation Clinical Acute neurological phase Management after development of symptoms Treatment post-exposure prophylaxis(PEP) Lyssavirus exposure categories Type of exposure*** Description Category I Touching or feeding animals, licks on intact skin, as well as exposure to blood, urine or faeces** Category…
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Respiratory Syncytial Virus
from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459215/ Introduction Etiology Epidemiology Pathophysiology Histopathology History and Physical Evaluation Treatment / Management Differential Diagnosis Prognosis Deterrence and Patient Education Pearls and Other Issues Outcomes RSV immunisation https://www.vaccinate.initiatives.qld.gov.au/what-to-vaccinate-against/rsv-immunisation Medication Used: Nirsevimab (Brand Name: Beyfortus®) Program Commencement and Eligible Groups Program Focus Eligible Groups for RSV Immunisation Eligible Complex Medical…
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Rickettsia
Rickettsial Infections Overview Introduction Etiology Epidemiology Pathophysiology History and Physical Commonly a small, hard, black sore (called an eschar) first appears at the bite site where the infection was introduced Evaluation Treatment / Management Differential Diagnosis Prognosis Complications Deterrence and Patient Education Enhancing Healthcare Team Outcomes
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Roseola (Sixth Disease)
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Ross River Virus
Ross River Virus (RRV) Overview Australian Family Physician Vol. 38, No. 8, August 2009 Historical Context Vectors and Hosts Risk Factors Clinical Manifestations Acute Symptoms Chronic Manifestations Diagnosis Management Prevention Public Health Implications Summary Points
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Rubella (German measles)
Rubella reinfection Congenital rubella syndrome despite maternal antibodies = Anna Banerji, Elizabeth Lee Ford-Jones, Edmond Kelly and Joan Louise Robinson, CMAJ June 21, 2005 172 (13) 1678-1679; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.050230 Congenital rubella syndrome Classic Triad Congenital rubella syndrome is characterised by: Rubella (non-congenital) lab definitive evidence lab suggestive evidence clinical evidence…
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Scarlet fever
Treatment
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Schistosomiasis
There are two main forms of schitomiasis: Four acute presentations have been recognized: swimmer’s itch cercarial dermatitis bronchopneumonia Katayama fever/ Katayama syndrome – Treatment Preventative Measures:
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Sinusitis
Overview: Prevalence: Anatomy: Paranasal Sinuses: Mucociliary System: Pathophysiology: Diagnostic criteria (from the European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis) Adult Acute Rhinosinusitis: Adult Chronic Rhinosinusitis: Paediatric Acute Rhinosinusitis: Paediatric Chronic Rhinosinusitis: Acute rhinosinusitis (ARS) Clinical assessment The signs and symptoms of acute viral and bacterial rhinosinusitis overlap considerably, especially during the first 3…
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Stopping the spread of childhood infections
Head Lice Scabies Dust Mites Impetigo Gastroenteritis Glandular Fever (Infectious Mononucleosis) Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease Hepatitis A Measles Molluscum Contagiosum Mumps Ringworm Scarlet Fever Slapped Cheek (Fifth Disease) Whooping Cough (Pertussis)
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Strep Infections (GAS)
Infections Caused by Group A Beta Hemolytic Streptococcus Complications: Suppurative Non-Suppurative
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Strongyloidiasis
Symptoms ground itch larva currens (literally “running larvae”) pulmonary manifestations gastrointestinal manifestations Disseminated strongyloidiasis seen in immunosuppressed patients may present with should be investigated for strongyloidiasis: Investigations treatment
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Tetanus
Overview Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Details Types of Tetanus: Treatment and Management Prognosis Complications of Tetanus Prognosis Based on Symptom Onset and Spasms Prevention Consultations and Interprofessional Care: Deterrence and Patient Education: Tetanus Prophylaxis in Routine Wound Management History of tetanus vaccination Time since last dose Type of wound DTPa, DTPa,…
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Varicella/Chickenpox
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Vibrio Cholerae
Infectivity and Risk Factors History and Physical Evaluation Treatment / Management Epidemiology Risk to Travelers Challenges in Surveillance Vaccine Information Vaccine Efficacy Additional Vaccine Efficacy Booster Requirements Adverse Effects Interactions Recommendations
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Yellow Fever
Etiology Pathophysiology Differential Diagnosis The differential diagnosis of yellow fever is broad and makes a careful travel history important. It includes: History and Physical Examination Evaluation Treatment / Management Vaccination International Travel Requirements for Yellow Fever Australia’s Travel Requirements for Yellow Fever Other Specific Country Requirements: Exemptions to Yellow Fever…