Definition and Characteristics: Classification of Causes: Causes of pulmonary fibrosis can be divided into those that affect the upper lobes and those predominantly affecting the lower lobes Upper lobes (SCHART-S) Lower lobes (RASCO) Epidemiology Prevalence: Difficult to estimate precisely due to multiple pathological conditions, but up to 3-6 cases per…

Introduction: Etiology: Risk Factors: Pathophysiology: Influenza: Common Cold: Differentials History and Physical: Evaluation: Treatment/Management: Prevention/reduce transmission Vaccination (see influenza vaccine) Antiviral Prophylaxis Prognosis:

Flow Volume Loops, before and after bronchodilator Flow volume loops (FVL) are critical in pulmonary function testing, providing a graphical representation of airflow versus volume over time. Below are the key aspects of FVL, both before and after bronchodilator administration: Before Bronchodilator: After Bronchodilator: Additional Considerations: Flow volume loops provide…

Normal Results Definition: All measured parameters are within the normal range and FEV1/FVC ratio is > 0.70 Possible Intervention: Review patient in 12 months following repeat spirometry Obstructive Pattern Definition: FEV1/FVC ratio is ≤ 0.70 Severity based on post-FEV1 percent predicted (as per ATS/ERS guidelines) COPD or chronic asthma should be considered…

Types Common clinical features of pulmonary embolism RISK FACTORS Major (relative risk 5-20) – SLOMMP Moderate risk factors (odds radio 2–9) Weak risk factors (odds ratio <2) Thrombophillias INVESTIGATIONS PERC rule The PERC rule validation study included patients who presented with a primary complaint of shortness of breath or chest…

“Collagen-vascular” or “connective tissue” diseases commonly involve lung and typically cause interstitial lung disease. SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS Pleural lesions  Parenchymal lesions RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS Pleural lesions  Parenchymal lesions PROGRESSIVE SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS (SCLERODERMA) OTHERS

Etiology Epidemiology Pathophysiology Histopathology History and Physical Evaluation Treatment / Management Differential Diagnosis Prognosis Complications

THERE ARE SEVERAL DIFFERENT DISEASES RELATED TO ASBESTOS EXPOSURE 1. Asbestosis 2. Pleural plaques: 3. Asbestos related pleurisy and pleural effusions 4. Pleural thickening 5. Asbestos related lung cancer 6. Mesothelioma Exposure CXR Lung function Symptoms Outcome Asbestos bodies Light Normal Normal None Evidence of asbestos exposure only Pleural plaques…

↑ Risk of developing lung cancer

“dust diseases” – non neoplastic reaction of lungs to inhaled mineral or organic dust The reaction of the lung depends on: Inert dusts → interstitial aggregates of dust-filled macrophages (DUST MACULE) Fibrogenic dusts → hyaline nodules or stellate areas of fibrosis, peribronchiolar fibrosis, diffuse interstitial fibrosis +/- granulomas and large…

affect the lung interstitium, i.e. the space between the alveolar epithelium and the capillary endothelium, causing inflammation and fibrosis. ILD refers to over 200+ disease entities which share a common pathological process. The interstitium is damaged, leading to progressive pulmonary fibrosis Aetiology main types: Causes of pulmonary fibrosis can be…

Definition: Severe localised suppuration of lung associated with cavity formation on CXR (often with a fluid level) and NOT due to TB. Causes: Suppurative thromboembolism(eg, septic embolism from IV drug use)Right-sided endocarditis 🡪 hematogenous seeding of the lungs  🡪 necrotizing pneumonia 🡪 Abscess(may result in multiple lung abscesses) Pathogens:  Noninfectious…

Disorders associated with altitude can happen in healthy travellers, usually after rapid ascent to at least 2500m above sea level. Potentially fatal. Can be given prophylactic meds acetazolamide, dexa and nifedipine: ALTITUDE AND OSA

Causes Risk Factors Associated Conditions Differentials Symptoms: Adults Symptoms: Children Signs Diagnostics Management:  Non-surgical Management Drivers licensing

Etiology: Epidemiology in Australia: Transmission: Risk Factors for Infection: Risk Factors for Progression to Disease: Populations at Increased Risk: GPs Role in TB Management:   Tuberculosis (TB) Clinical Overview Primary TB Pathophysiology Post-primary TB (Reactivation TB) Progressive Primary TB with bronchial spread:– granulomatous bronchopneumonia– endobronchial TB– laryngeal TB   with lymphatic-haematogenous…

Definition Risk factors Symptoms and Signs Investigations (https://www.safetyandquality.gov.au/standards/clinical-care-standards/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-clinical-care-standard/information-clinicians) Pharmacological Management Step 1: Initial Management with Short-Acting Bronchodilators Step 2: Persistent Symptoms – Long-Acting Bronchodilator Step 3: Dual Long-Acting Bronchodilator Therapy Step 4: Addition of Inhaled Corticosteroids (ICS) Step 5: Macrolide Antibiotics (for Selected Patients) Inhaler and Spacer Technique Acute Exacerbations…

Recommendations for Spirometry Asthma Indications for Spirometry: COPD Indications for Spirometry: Abbreviation  Name Definition Notes FVC (litres) Forced vital capacity The maximum volume of air that can be expired during a single expiratory manoeuvre using maximal effort initiated following a full inspiration Indicates lung capacityFVC compared with LLN is used to…

defined as a pathological diagnosis typically confirmed by radiology. Defined as irreversible abnormal dilatation of the bronchial tree. It has a variety of underlying causes, with a common etiology of chronic inflammation. due to injury to the airways, which is typically associated with chronic and recurrent inflammation because of an…

Aspiration Pneumonia  AUGUST 12, 2023 RESPIRATORY 0 COMMENTS Term Definition Is antibiotic therapy required? Aspiration       The inhalation of foreign material (eg food, vomit, blood, saliva) into the lungs. Predisposing:– Impaired consciousness eg due to: trauma, stroke, general anaesthetic,seizure, overdose, alcohol or drug intoxication– Esophageal dysmotility– Post-bronchial obstruction– Gum disease– neurological disorders NoMonitor…

Overlapping Signs and Symptoms of Pneumonia and Acute Bronchitis Pneumonia and acute bronchitis share similar clinical features: Diagnosing Pneumonia in Patients with COPD or Bronchiectasis The symptoms of pneumonia often overlap with those of COPD and bronchiectasis, making accurate diagnosis crucial, as the treatment for exacerbations differs from pneumonia management.…

Is an infective cause of chronic wet cough lasting longer than 4 weeks in children. Occurs in <5 years of age If the child has a dry cough, this excludes the diagnosis of protracted bacterial bronchitis. Evidence suggests that PBB may be a common enough condition to warrant its inclusion…

self-limiting lower respiratory tract infection, most common cause of cough in the general practice setting. definition:  Acute cough (productive or nonproductive) +  signs of a lower respiratory tract infection Sputum production Dyspnoea Wheeze Chest discomfort less than 14 days duration There should be no other obvious cause, eg. asthma, sinusitis,…