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Altitude Sickness
Clinical Risk of Developing Altitude Illness Prevention of Altitude Illness Medications Acetazolamide Dexamethasone Nifedipine Other Medications Natural Remedies Key Recommendations Fitness to Travel to High Altitude General Considerations Contraindications Special Considerations Pregnancy Older Adults Children Key Points Condition Clinical features Course and management High-altitude headache (HAH) Most common symptom at…
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Chikungunya
Introduction Etiology Epidemiology Pathophysiology Histopathology History and Physical Evaluation Treatment / Management Differential Diagnosis Prognosis Complications Consultations Deterrence and Patient Education Pearls and Other Issues Enhancing Healthcare Team Outcomes
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Cold Chain Management
Cold Chain Management Cold Chain System Cold Chain Management Requirements Essential Steps in Proper Cold Chain Management Cold Chain Breaches (CCB)
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Diarrhoea
Red flag Potential cause Patient history associated respiratory symptoms (Children with acute gastroenteritis may have concomitant adenovirus or respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causing the associated respiratory symptoms) coronavirus disease (COVID-19)—gastrointestinal symptoms may precede respiratory symptomsleptospirosisanaphylaxis severe abdominal pain cause requiring surgical intervention (eg appendicitis, mesenteric ischaemia, perforated viscus, bowel obstruction)—more…
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Diphtheria
Resurgence and Current Risk Recent Cases in Developed Countries History and Physical Evaluation Treatment / Management Differential Diagnosis Prognosis Complications
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Entamoeba histolytica infection (amoebiasis)
Symptoms Signs Labs Treatment
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Fever in the returned traveller
Particular exposures and possible infections EXPOSURE DISEASE Drinking unclean water Viral diarrhoea, shigella, salmonella, hepatitis A and E, giardia, polio, cryptosporidium, Guinea-worm Skin contact in unclean water Leptospirosis, schistosomiasis, free-living amoeba Eating raw or improperly cooked food Food-borne viruses and bacteria, wide range of parasites, brucellosis, listeriosis Animal bites Rabies,…
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Fever in the returned traveller (child)
Key Points Background Public Health Importance Specific Precautions Differential diagnosis Infection Incubation Period Clinical Features Malaria Variable P. falciparum: 7 days – 12 weeks. Other malarial species: weeks to several years. Fever, malaise, headache, nausea, vomiting, hepatosplenomegaly, anaemia. Refer to the Malaria – ED guideline. Typhoid (Salmonella) Variable 3 days – 3…
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Giardia intestinalis infection (giardiasis)
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Hepatitis A
Risks Epidemiology Incidence Rates Risk Variability by Traveler Type Global Patterns of Hepatitis A Epidemiology Situation in Australia Clinical Investigations Treatment Prevention Vaccination Combined Hepatitis A and B Immunization: Twinrix (GlaxoSmithKline) Schedule: Recommendations: HA-HB vaccine is recommended for those at risk of both infections, including:
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Influenza Vaccine
Adverse Events Reporting Disposal of Vaccines Australian Immunisation Register (AIR) Vaccine Composition 2024 Specific Vaccines: Flucelvax Quad®: Vaccination Timing Special Considerations 2024 NIP-funded eligibility Children Aged 6 Months – 5 Years Pregnant Women Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People Aged 6 Months and Over People Aged 65 Years and Over…
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Japanese Encephalitis
Introduction Symptoms of Japanese Encephalitis Incubation Period: Typically 5–15 days from infection to illness onset. Initial Symptoms Progression of Symptoms Common Symptoms in Children Asymptomatic Infections Neurologic Illness Long-term Effects Etiology Epidemiology Pathophysiology History and Physical Exam Evaluation Treatment and Management Differential Diagnosis Prognosis Prevention of Japanese Encephalitis Vaccination Other…
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Leptospirosis
Introduction Etiology High-Risk Groups Leptospirosis in Australia Sources of Infection: Environmental and Climatic Factors: Pathophysiology, Clinical Features, and Complications Biphasic Illness: Neurological Complications: Ocular Manifestations: Differential Diagnosis Laboratory Diagnosis of Leptospirosis Additional Investigations Based on Clinical Presentation Clinical Management Surveillance, Prevention, and Control of Leptospirosis Surveillance: Infection Risk Reduction: Environmental…
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Malaria
Plasmodium Parasite Lifecycle: Specific Malaria Types Falciparum Malaria Vivax, Ovale, Malariae, and Knowlesi Malaria Reservoir and Transmission Reservoir Mode of Transmission Incubation Period Mosquito (Extrinsic) Incubation Period Human (Intrinsic) Incubation Period Period of Communicability Susceptibility Epidemiology Pathophysiology Histopathology Clinical Features of Malaria General Characteristics Uncomplicated Malaria Severe Malaria Clinical Suspicion…
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Mosquito Borne Illness
Dengue, Chikungunya, Zika Comparison Comparison of Dengue, Chikungunya, and Zika Aspect Dengue Chikungunya Zika Etiology Caused by Dengue virus (DENV), a flavivirus with four serotypes (DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, DENV-4) Caused by Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an alphavirus Caused by Zika virus (ZIKV), a flavivirus Common Locations/Risks Tropical and subtropical regions worldwide…
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Pre-Travel Health Consultation
1. Pre-Travel Consultation 2. Risk Assessment and Immunization 3. Preventive Measures and Disease Management 4. Health Insurance and Documentation 5. Comprehensive Medical Kit 6. Final Preparations and Prescription Core Vaccinations for Travel Additional Vaccinations Based on Travel Destination
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Q Fever
Most common zoonotic disease in Australia Differentials Clinical Investigation Treatment Prevention Chronic Q fever Q Fever Vaccine Guide
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Rabies
Disease Occurrence and Public Health Significance Australian Bat Lyssavirus (ABLV) Transmission Incubation Clinical Acute neurological phase Management after development of symptoms Treatment post-exposure prophylaxis(PEP) Lyssavirus exposure categories Type of exposure*** Description Category I Touching or feeding animals, licks on intact skin, as well as exposure to blood, urine or faeces** Category…
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Rickettsia
Rickettsial Infections Overview Introduction Etiology Epidemiology Pathophysiology History and Physical Commonly a small, hard, black sore (called an eschar) first appears at the bite site where the infection was introduced Evaluation Treatment / Management Differential Diagnosis Prognosis Complications Deterrence and Patient Education Enhancing Healthcare Team Outcomes
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Ross River Virus
Ross River Virus (RRV) Overview Australian Family Physician Vol. 38, No. 8, August 2009 Historical Context Vectors and Hosts Risk Factors Clinical Manifestations Acute Symptoms Chronic Manifestations Diagnosis Management Prevention Public Health Implications Summary Points
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Salmonella typhi Infection
Organism: Gram Negative, flagellated organism Transmission: faecal oral transmission Epidemiology Salmonella infection may manifest as Gastroenteritis Enteric fever CLINICAL FEATURES Complications (occurs in 10-15% of cases) Effect of antimicrobial therapy Oral Antibiotics (as per eTG) Intravenous Therapy Prevention Typhoid Vaccine Vaccine Type Vi Polysaccharide Vaccine (Typhim Vi) Oral Typhoid Vaccine…
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Schistosomiasis
There are two main forms of schitomiasis: Four acute presentations have been recognized: swimmer’s itch cercarial dermatitis bronchopneumonia Katayama fever/ Katayama syndrome – Treatment Preventative Measures:
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Strongyloidiasis
Symptoms ground itch larva currens (literally “running larvae”) pulmonary manifestations gastrointestinal manifestations Disseminated strongyloidiasis seen in immunosuppressed patients may present with should be investigated for strongyloidiasis: Investigations treatment
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Tetanus
Overview Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Details Types of Tetanus: Treatment and Management Prognosis Complications of Tetanus Prognosis Based on Symptom Onset and Spasms Prevention Consultations and Interprofessional Care: Deterrence and Patient Education: Tetanus Prophylaxis in Routine Wound Management History of tetanus vaccination Time since last dose Type of wound DTPa, DTPa,…
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Travel Vaccines
Risk Factors Recommended Immunizations Based on Current Epidemiology 1. Influenza: Most common vaccine-preventable disease in travelers. Consider for travel during flu season, in large groups, or for those at high risk. 2. Hepatitis A: Second most common, highly effective vaccine recommended for all non-immune travelers to areas with poor sanitation.…
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Travellers’ diarrhea
Treatment Goal of treatment = prevention and treatment of dehydration Antibiotic Options OTHER Diarrhea Children Prevention
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Vibrio Cholerae
Infectivity and Risk Factors History and Physical Evaluation Treatment / Management Epidemiology Risk to Travelers Challenges in Surveillance Vaccine Information Vaccine Efficacy Additional Vaccine Efficacy Booster Requirements Adverse Effects Interactions Recommendations
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Yellow Fever
Etiology Pathophysiology Differential Diagnosis The differential diagnosis of yellow fever is broad and makes a careful travel history important. It includes: History and Physical Examination Evaluation Treatment / Management Vaccination International Travel Requirements for Yellow Fever Australia’s Travel Requirements for Yellow Fever Other Specific Country Requirements: Exemptions to Yellow Fever…