Domain – Dermatological presentations (Guiding topics)

Infestations/Parasitic Infections

Scabies

• High Yield Facts: Caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei.
• Risk Factors: Close personal contact, crowded living conditions.
• Etiology: Infestation of the skin by mites.
• Age Range: Any age, common in children and young adults.
• Clinical Signs: Intense itching, especially at night; burrows; papules.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: Secondary excoriations.
• Diagnosis: Clinical, confirmed by skin scraping showing mites, eggs, or feces.
• Treatment: Topical permethrin 5%, oral ivermectin.

Lice (Head, Body, Pubic)

• High Yield Facts: Caused by Pediculus humanus capitis (head), Pediculus humanus corporis (body), Pthirus pubis (pubic).
• Risk Factors: Close personal contact, shared clothing/bedding.
• Etiology: Infestation by lice.
• Age Range: Any age, common in school-aged children.
• Clinical Signs: Itching, visible lice or nits (eggs).
• Extra Skin Symptoms: Secondary bacterial infection from scratching.
• Diagnosis: Clinical, visualization of lice/nits.
• Treatment: Topical permethrin, malathion, oral ivermectin for resistant cases.

Bacterial Infections

Folliculitis

• High Yield Facts: Inflammation of hair follicles, commonly due to Staphylococcus aureus.
• Risk Factors: Shaving, occlusion, immunosuppression.
• Etiology: Bacterial infection of hair follicles.
• Age Range: Any age.
• Clinical Signs: Pustules centered on hair follicles, erythema.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: Possible progression to furuncles or carbuncles.
• Diagnosis: Clinical.
• Treatment: Topical antibiotics (mupirocin), oral antibiotics for extensive cases.

Pseudo Folliculitis Barbae

• High Yield Facts: Chronic inflammatory condition due to shaving.
• Risk Factors: Shaving, curly hair.
• Etiology: Hair growing back into the skin.
• Age Range: Adult males.
• Clinical Signs: Papules, pustules, hyperpigmentation.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: Keloid formation.
• Diagnosis: Clinical.
• Treatment: Avoid shaving, topical corticosteroids, retinoids.

Furuncle

• High Yield Facts: Deep infection of hair follicle leading to abscess.
• Risk Factors: Poor hygiene, diabetes, immunosuppression.
• Etiology: Staphylococcus aureus.
• Age Range: Any age.
• Clinical Signs: Painful, red nodule with pus.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: Surrounding cellulitis.
• Diagnosis: Clinical.
• Treatment: Incision and drainage, oral antibiotics if necessary.

Carbuncle

• High Yield Facts: Cluster of furuncles.
• Risk Factors: Same as furuncle.
• Etiology: Staphylococcus aureus.
• Age Range: Any age.
• Clinical Signs: Multiple interconnected abscesses, systemic symptoms.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: Extensive cellulitis.
• Diagnosis: Clinical.
• Treatment: Incision and drainage, oral antibiotics.

Erysipelas

• High Yield Facts: Superficial cellulitis with lymphatic involvement.
• Risk Factors: Skin trauma, lymphedema, venous insufficiency.
• Etiology: Streptococcus pyogenes.
• Age Range: Elderly.
• Clinical Signs: Well-demarcated, red, swollen area with systemic symptoms.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: Peau d’orange appearance.
• Diagnosis: Clinical.
• Treatment: Oral or IV antibiotics (penicillin, erythromycin).

Cellulitis

• High Yield Facts: Infection of deeper dermis and subcutaneous tissue.
• Risk Factors: Skin trauma, immunosuppression, chronic edema.
• Etiology: Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus.
• Age Range: Any age.
• Clinical Signs: Red, hot, swollen, tender area, fever.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: Possible abscess formation.
• Diagnosis: Clinical, blood cultures if severe.
• Treatment: Oral or IV antibiotics (penicillin, cephalexin).

Erythrasma

• High Yield Facts: Chronic superficial infection by Corynebacterium minutissimum.
• Risk Factors: Obesity, diabetes, poor hygiene.
• Etiology: Bacterial infection.
• Age Range: Adults.
• Clinical Signs: Brownish-red, scaly patches in intertriginous areas.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: Fluorescence under Wood’s lamp (coral-red).
• Diagnosis: Clinical, Wood’s lamp.
• Treatment: Topical or oral antibiotics (clindamycin, erythromycin).

Impetigo

• High Yield Facts: Superficial bacterial infection, highly contagious.
• Risk Factors: Close contact, skin trauma, poor hygiene.
• Etiology: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes.
• Age Range: Children.
• Clinical Signs: Honey-colored crusts, erythematous base.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: Bullous impetigo in some cases.
• Diagnosis: Clinical.
• Treatment: Topical mupirocin, oral antibiotics for extensive cases.

Bullous Impetigo

• High Yield Facts: Form of impetigo with large blisters.
• Risk Factors: Same as impetigo.
• Etiology: Staphylococcus aureus producing exfoliative toxin.
• Age Range: Infants and young children.
• Clinical Signs: Large, fluid-filled blisters that rupture and form crusts.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: Potential for widespread distribution.
• Diagnosis: Clinical.
• Treatment: Topical mupirocin, oral antibiotics.

Wound Infections (Post-traumatic, Post-surgical)

• High Yield Facts: Infection of wounds.
• Risk Factors: Immunosuppression, poor wound care.
• Etiology: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, others.
• Age Range: Any age.
• Clinical Signs: Redness, swelling, pus, fever.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: Delayed healing.
• Diagnosis: Clinical, wound culture.
• Treatment: Appropriate antibiotics, wound care.

Syphilis

• High Yield Facts: Chronic bacterial infection by Treponema pallidum.
• Risk Factors: Unprotected sex, multiple partners.
• Etiology: Bacterial infection.
• Age Range: Sexually active adults.
• Clinical Signs: Primary chancre, secondary rash, tertiary gummas.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: Rash involving palms and soles.
• Diagnosis: Serology (VDRL, RPR, TPHA).
• Treatment: Benzathine penicillin G.

Viral Infections and Post-Viral Skin Signs

Measles

• High Yield Facts: Highly contagious viral infection.
• Risk Factors: Unvaccinated individuals.
• Etiology: Measles virus (paramyxovirus).
• Age Range: Children, unvaccinated adults.
• Clinical Signs: Fever, cough, coryza, conjunctivitis, Koplik spots, maculopapular rash.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: Rash starts on face and spreads.
• Diagnosis: Clinical, serology.
• Treatment: Supportive, vitamin A supplementation.

Chicken Pox

• High Yield Facts: Primary infection with varicella-zoster virus.
• Risk Factors: Unvaccinated individuals, exposure to infected person.
• Etiology: Varicella-zoster virus.
• Age Range: Children.
• Clinical Signs: Vesicular rash, fever.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: Lesions in various stages of healing.
• Diagnosis: Clinical, PCR.
• Treatment: Supportive, acyclovir for severe cases.

Rubella

• High Yield Facts: Mild viral infection with rash.
• Risk Factors: Unvaccinated individuals.
• Etiology: Rubella virus.
• Age Range: Children, unvaccinated adults.
• Clinical Signs: Fever, lymphadenopathy, maculopapular rash.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: Forchheimer spots.
• Diagnosis: Clinical, serology.
• Treatment: Supportive.

Roseola Infantum

• High Yield Facts: Common viral infection in infants.
• Risk Factors: Exposure to infected individuals.
• Etiology: Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6).
• Age Range: Infants and toddlers.
• Clinical Signs: High fever, followed by rash.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: Rose-pink macules on trunk.
• Diagnosis: Clinical.
• Treatment: Supportive.

Herpes Simplex

• High Yield Facts: Recurrent viral infection.
• Risk Factors: Close contact, immunosuppression.
• Etiology: Herpes simplex virus (HSV-1 and HSV-2).
• Age Range: Any age.
• Clinical Signs: Vesicles, ulcers on erythematous base.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: Recurrent episodes.
• Diagnosis: Clinical, PCR.
• Treatment: Acyclovir, valacyclovir.

Herpes Zoster

• High Yield Facts: Reactivation of varicella-zoster virus.
• Risk Factors: Older age, immunosuppression.
• Etiology: Varicella-zoster virus.
• Age Range: Adults, elderly.
• Clinical Signs: Painful, unilateral vesicular rash.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: Postherpetic neuralgia.
• Diagnosis: Clinical, PCR.
• Treatment: Acyclovir, valacyclovir, pain management.

Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease

• High Yield Facts: Common viral illness in children.
• Risk Factors: Close contact, childcare settings.
• Etiology: Coxsackievirus A16, Enterovirus 71.
• Age Range: Young children.
• Clinical Signs: Fever, sores in mouth, rash on hands and feet.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: Vesicular lesions.
• Diagnosis: Clinical.
• Treatment: Supportive.

Parvovirus B19 (Slapped Cheek)

• High Yield Facts: Viral infection causing erythema infectiosum.
• Risk Factors: Exposure to infected individuals.
• Etiology: Parvovirus B19.
• Age Range: Children.
• Clinical Signs: “Slapped cheek” rash, lacy rash on body.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: Arthralgia in adults.
• Diagnosis: Clinical, serology.
• Treatment: Supportive.

Pityriasis Rosea

• High Yield Facts: Acute, self-limiting skin condition.
• Risk Factors: Unknown, possibly viral.
• Etiology: Unknown, possibly HHV-6 or HHV-7.
• Age Range: Young adults.
• Clinical Signs: Herald patch, Christmas tree pattern rash.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: Itching.
• Diagnosis: Clinical.
• Treatment: Supportive, antihistamines for itching.

Warts

• High Yield Facts: Caused by human papillomavirus (HPV).
• Risk Factors: Skin trauma, immunosuppression.
• Etiology: HPV.
• Age Range: Any age.
• Clinical Signs: Verrucous papules.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: None.
• Diagnosis: Clinical.
• Treatment: Cryotherapy, salicylic acid, imiquimod.

Molluscum Contagiosum

• High Yield Facts: Viral infection causing umbilicated papules.
• Risk Factors: Close contact, immunosuppression.
• Etiology: Poxvirus.
• Age Range: Children.
• Clinical Signs: Pearly, umbilicated papules.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: None.
• Diagnosis: Clinical.
• Treatment: Self-limited, cryotherapy, curettage.

Buruli Ulcer

• High Yield Facts: Chronic necrotizing disease of skin and soft tissue.
• Risk Factors: Contact with aquatic environments in endemic areas.
• Etiology: Mycobacterium ulcerans.
• Age Range: Any age.
• Clinical Signs: Painless nodule or plaque, ulceration.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: None.
• Diagnosis: PCR, biopsy.
• Treatment: Rifampicin and clarithromycin.

Dermatophytes

Tinea Pedis (Athlete’s Foot)

• High Yield Facts: Fungal infection of the feet.
• Risk Factors: Moist environment, occlusive footwear.
• Etiology: Trichophyton, Epidermophyton.
• Age Range: Any age.
• Clinical Signs: Itchy, scaly rash between toes.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: Moccasin distribution.
• Diagnosis: Clinical, KOH prep.
• Treatment: Topical antifungals (terbinafine, clotrimazole).

Tinea Cruris (Jock Itch)

• High Yield Facts: Fungal infection of the groin.
• Risk Factors: Moist environment, tight clothing.
• Etiology: Trichophyton, Epidermophyton.
• Age Range: Adults.
• Clinical Signs: Itchy, red, well-demarcated rash.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: Central clearing.
• Diagnosis: Clinical, KOH prep.
• Treatment: Topical antifungals.

Tinea Unguium (Onychomycosis)

• High Yield Facts: Fungal infection of the nails.
• Risk Factors: Nail trauma, occlusive footwear.
• Etiology: Trichophyton, Epidermophyton.
• Age Range: Adults.
• Clinical Signs: Thickened, discolored nails.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: None.
• Diagnosis: Clinical, KOH prep, culture.
• Treatment: Oral antifungals (terbinafine, itraconazole).

Tinea Capitis

• High Yield Facts: Fungal infection of the scalp.
• Risk Factors: Close contact, poor hygiene.
• Etiology: Trichophyton, Microsporum.
• Age Range: Children.
• Clinical Signs: Scaly patches, hair loss.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: Kerion formation.
• Diagnosis: Clinical, KOH prep, culture.
• Treatment: Oral antifungals (griseofulvin, terbinafine).

Tinea Versicolor

• High Yield Facts: Superficial fungal infection causing hypopigmentation.
• Risk Factors: Hot, humid climate.
• Etiology: Malassezia species.
• Age Range: Adolescents, young adults.
• Clinical Signs: Hypo- or hyperpigmented macules.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: Fine scaling.
• Diagnosis: Clinical, KOH prep.
• Treatment: Topical antifungals (selenium sulfide, ketoconazole).

Candidiasis (Including Nappy Rash)

• High Yield Facts: Fungal infection by Candida species.
• Risk Factors: Moist environment, immunosuppression.
• Etiology: Candida albicans.
• Age Range: Any age, common in infants.
• Clinical Signs: Red, moist patches with satellite lesions.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: White plaques in oral candidiasis.
• Diagnosis: Clinical, KOH prep.
• Treatment: Topical antifungals (nystatin, clotrimazole), oral fluconazole for severe cases.

Skin Problems Related to Damage/Injury

Calluses and Corns

• High Yield Facts: Thickened skin due to friction/pressure.
• Risk Factors: Repetitive activity, tight footwear.
• Etiology: Chronic friction or pressure.
• Age Range: Any age.
• Clinical Signs: Thickened, rough skin.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: Pain.
• Diagnosis: Clinical.
• Treatment: Reducing friction, keratolytics, padding.

Bedsores and Traumatic Ulcers

• High Yield Facts: Ulcers due to prolonged pressure.
• Risk Factors: Immobility, poor nutrition.
• Etiology: Pressure-induced ischemia.
• Age Range: Elderly, bedridden patients.
• Clinical Signs: Ulcers on pressure points.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: Necrosis, infection.
• Diagnosis: Clinical.
• Treatment: Pressure relief, wound care, antibiotics if infected.

Mucous Cyst

• High Yield Facts: Benign cystic lesion on the mucosa.
• Risk Factors: Trauma, mucosal irritation.
• Etiology: Mucous gland blockage.
• Age Range: Any age.
• Clinical Signs: Bluish, fluid-filled cyst.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: None.
• Diagnosis: Clinical.
• Treatment: Surgical excision.

Pyogenic Granuloma

• High Yield Facts: Benign vascular lesion.
• Risk Factors: Minor trauma, pregnancy.
• Etiology: Reactive hyperplasia of capillaries.
• Age Range: Any age.
• Clinical Signs: Rapidly growing red nodule.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: Bleeding.
• Diagnosis: Clinical, biopsy if uncertain.
• Treatment: Surgical excision, laser therapy.

Dermatofibroma

• High Yield Facts: Benign fibrous nodule.
• Risk Factors: Minor trauma.
• Etiology: Fibroblast proliferation.
• Age Range: Adults.
• Clinical Signs: Firm, pigmented nodule.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: Dimple sign on compression.
• Diagnosis: Clinical, biopsy if uncertain.
• Treatment: Observation, excision if symptomatic.

Chondrodermatitis Nodularis Helicis

• High Yield Facts: Painful nodule on the ear.
• Risk Factors: Pressure, sun exposure.
• Etiology: Degeneration of cartilage.
• Age Range: Adults.
• Clinical Signs: Painful nodule on helix of ear.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: None.
• Diagnosis: Clinical, biopsy if uncertain.
• Treatment: Pressure relief, surgical excision.

Heat/Cold

Burns

Raynaud’s Phenomenon

• High Yield Facts: Vasospastic disorder affecting extremities.
• Risk Factors: Cold exposure, stress, connective tissue diseases.
• Etiology: Vascular hyperreactivity.
• Age Range: Young adults, more common in women.
• Clinical Signs: Triphasic color changes (white, blue, red).
• Extra Skin Symptoms: Ulceration in severe cases.
• Diagnosis: Clinical, nailfold capillaroscopy.
• Treatment: Avoidance of triggers, calcium channel blockers.

Chilblains

• High Yield Facts: Inflammatory lesions due to cold exposure.
• Risk Factors: Cold, damp conditions.
• Etiology: Cold-induced vasoconstriction.
• Age Range: Any age.
• Clinical Signs: Red or purple papules on fingers and toes.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: Itching, burning.
• Diagnosis: Clinical.
• Treatment: Warming, nifedipine for severe cases.

Sun Exposure and Skin Cancer

Sunburn and Damage from Excessive Sun Exposure

• High Yield Facts: Acute and chronic skin damage from UV radiation.
• Risk Factors: Fair skin, prolonged sun exposure.
• Etiology: UV radiation.
• Age Range: Any age.
• Clinical Signs: Redness, pain, blistering (acute); wrinkling, pigmentation (chronic).
• Extra Skin Symptoms: Peeling.
• Diagnosis: Clinical.
• Treatment: Cooling, NSAIDs, moisturizers, sun protection education.

Solar Keratoses

• High Yield Facts: Precancerous lesions due to sun exposure.
• Risk Factors: Chronic sun exposure, fair skin.
• Etiology: UV-induced DNA damage.
• Age Range: Older adults.
• Clinical Signs: Rough, scaly patches.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: Possible progression to SCC.
• Diagnosis: Clinical, biopsy if uncertain.
• Treatment: Cryotherapy, topical 5-FU, imiquimod.

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

• High Yield Facts: Malignant tumor of keratinocytes.
• Risk Factors: Chronic sun exposure, immunosuppression.
• Etiology: UV-induced DNA damage.
• Age Range: Older adults.
• Clinical Signs: Hyperkeratotic, ulcerated lesions.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: May metastasize.
• Diagnosis: Biopsy.
• Treatment: Surgical excision, Mohs surgery, radiation.

Bowen’s Disease

• High Yield Facts: SCC in situ.
• Risk Factors: Sun exposure, HPV.
• Etiology: UV-induced DNA damage, HPV.
• Age Range: Older adults.
• Clinical Signs: Red, scaly plaques.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: None.
• Diagnosis: Biopsy.
• Treatment: Cryotherapy, topical 5-FU, excision.

Basal Cell Carcinoma

• High Yield Facts: Most common skin cancer.
• Risk Factors: Chronic sun exposure, fair skin.
• Etiology: UV-induced DNA damage.
• Age Range: Older adults.
• Clinical Signs: Pearly nodules, telangiectasia, central ulceration.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: Local tissue destruction.
• Diagnosis: Biopsy.
• Treatment: Surgical excision, Mohs surgery.

Keratoacanthoma

• High Yield Facts: Rapidly growing SCC variant.
• Risk Factors: Sun exposure, fair skin.
• Etiology: UV-induced DNA damage.
• Age Range: Older adults.
• Clinical Signs: Dome-shaped nodule with central keratin plug.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: None.
• Diagnosis: Biopsy.
• Treatment: Surgical excision.

Naevi

• High Yield Facts: Benign proliferations of melanocytes.
• Risk Factors: Genetic factors, sun exposure.
• Etiology: Melanocyte proliferation.
• Age Range: Any age.
• Clinical Signs: Pigmented macules or papules.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: None.
• Diagnosis: Clinical, dermoscopy.
• Treatment: Observation, excision if atypical.

Melanoma

• High Yield Facts: Malignant tumor of melanocytes.
• Risk Factors: Fair skin, sun exposure, family history.
• Etiology: UV-induced DNA damage.
• Age Range: Any age, more common in adults.
• Clinical Signs: Asymmetric, irregular borders, color variation, diameter >6mm.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: Possible metastasis.
• Diagnosis: Biopsy.
• Treatment: Surgical excision, sentinel lymph node biopsy, immunotherapy.

Benign Skin Lesions

Milia

• High Yield Facts: Small, keratin-filled cysts.
• Risk Factors: Newborns, skin trauma.
• Etiology: Trapped keratin.
• Age Range: Any age, common in infants.
• Clinical Signs: White papules.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: None.
• Diagnosis: Clinical.
• Treatment: Observation, incision and drainage.

Epidermoid Cyst

• High Yield Facts: Benign cystic lesion.
• Risk Factors: Skin trauma.
• Etiology: Proliferation of epidermal cells.
• Age Range: Adults.
• Clinical Signs: Mobile, subcutaneous nodule.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: Central punctum.
• Diagnosis: Clinical.
• Treatment: Excision.

Skin Tag (Acrochordon)

• High Yield Facts: Benign, pedunculated lesion.
• Risk Factors: Obesity, friction.
• Etiology: Skin hyperplasia.
• Age Range: Adults.
• Clinical Signs: Soft, flesh-colored papules.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: None.
• Diagnosis: Clinical.
• Treatment: Snip excision, cryotherapy.

Lipomas

• High Yield Facts: Benign fatty tumors.
• Risk Factors: Genetic predisposition.
• Etiology: Proliferation of adipocytes.
• Age Range: Adults.
• Clinical Signs: Soft, mobile, subcutaneous nodules.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: None.
• Diagnosis: Clinical.
• Treatment: Excision if symptomatic.

Sebaceous Cyst

• High Yield Facts: Benign cystic lesion of sebaceous glands.
• Risk Factors: Skin trauma, acne.
• Etiology: Blockage of sebaceous gland.
• Age Range: Adults.
• Clinical Signs: Mobile, subcutaneous nodule with punctum.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: None.
• Diagnosis: Clinical.
• Treatment: Excision.

Seborrhoeic Keratoses

• High Yield Facts: Benign, warty lesions.
• Risk Factors: Age, sun exposure.
• Etiology: Epidermal proliferation.
• Age Range: Older adults.
• Clinical Signs: Waxy, “stuck-on” appearance.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: None.
• Diagnosis: Clinical.
• Treatment: Observation, cryotherapy, curettage if symptomatic.

Dermatitis and Eczema

Irritant/Contact Dermatitis

• High Yield Facts: Inflammatory response to irritants/allergens.
• Risk Factors: Exposure to irritants/allergens.
• Etiology: Chemical or allergic reaction.
• Age Range: Any age.
• Clinical Signs: Red, itchy rash, vesicles.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: Scaling, fissures.
• Diagnosis: Clinical, patch testing.
• Treatment: Avoidance of triggers, topical corticosteroids.

Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema)

• High Yield Facts: Chronic inflammatory skin condition.
• Risk Factors: Family history of atopy.
• Etiology: Genetic, environmental factors.
• Age Range: Infants, children.
• Clinical Signs: Itchy, red, scaly patches.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: Lichenification.
• Diagnosis: Clinical.
• Treatment: Moisturizers, topical corticosteroids, immunomodulators.

Discoid Eczema

• High Yield Facts: Chronic, coin-shaped lesions.
• Risk Factors: Dry skin, winter months.
• Etiology: Unknown.
• Age Range: Adults.
• Clinical Signs: Round, itchy, scaly patches.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: None.
• Diagnosis: Clinical.
• Treatment: Moisturizers, topical corticosteroids.

Pityriasis Alba

• High Yield Facts: Hypopigmented, scaly patches.
• Risk Factors: Childhood, atopic dermatitis.
• Etiology: Unknown.
• Age Range: Children.
• Clinical Signs: Hypopigmented macules with fine scales.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: None.
• Diagnosis: Clinical.
• Treatment: Moisturizers, mild topical corticosteroids.

Neurodermatitis

• High Yield Facts: Chronic itching and scratching.
• Risk Factors: Stress, atopy.
• Etiology: Habitual scratching.
• Age Range: Adults.
• Clinical Signs: Lichenified, thickened plaques.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: None.
• Diagnosis: Clinical.
• Treatment: Topical corticosteroids, antihistamines.

Pompholyx (Dyshidrotic Eczema)

• High Yield Facts: Recurrent vesicular eruption on hands/feet.
• Risk Factors: Stress, sweat.
• Etiology: Unknown.
• Age Range: Young adults.
• Clinical Signs: Itchy, fluid-filled vesicles.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: Scaling, fissures.
• Diagnosis: Clinical.
• Treatment: Topical corticosteroids, emollients.

Asteototic Eczema

• High Yield Facts: Eczema due to dry skin.
• Risk Factors: Older age, winter months.
• Etiology: Dry skin.
• Age Range: Older adults.
• Clinical Signs: Dry, cracked, red patches.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: None.
• Diagnosis: Clinical.
• Treatment: Moisturizers, topical corticosteroids.

Dandruff, ‘Cradle Cap’, Seborrhoeic Dermatitis

• High Yield Facts: Chronic inflammatory condition.
• Risk Factors: Malassezia yeast, stress.
• Etiology: Overgrowth of Malassezia.
• Age Range: Infants (cradle cap), adults.
• Clinical Signs: Greasy, yellowish scales.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: Itching.
• Diagnosis: Clinical.
• Treatment: Antifungal shampoos, topical corticosteroids.

Follicular Disorders

Acne

• High Yield Facts: Chronic inflammatory condition of pilosebaceous units.
• Risk Factors: Adolescence, hormonal changes.
• Etiology: Increased sebum production, P. acnes colonization.
• Age Range: Adolescents, young adults.
• Clinical Signs: Comedones, papules, pustules, nodules.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: Scarring.
• Diagnosis: Clinical.
• Treatment: Topical retinoids, benzoyl peroxide, antibiotics, isotretinoin for severe cases.

Rosacea

• High Yield Facts: Chronic inflammatory skin condition.
• Risk Factors: Fair skin, middle age.
• Etiology: Unknown.
• Age Range: Adults.
• Clinical Signs: Facial erythema, telangiectasia, papules, pustules.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: Rhinophyma.
• Diagnosis: Clinical.
• Treatment: Topical metronidazole, azelaic acid, oral antibiotics, laser therapy.

Perioral Dermatitis

• High Yield Facts: Inflammatory rash around the mouth.
• Risk Factors: Topical steroids, skin products.
• Etiology: Unknown.
• Age Range: Young women.
• Clinical Signs: Papules, pustules around mouth.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: None.
• Diagnosis: Clinical.
• Treatment: Discontinuing steroids, topical metronidazole, oral tetracyclines.

Psoriasis

Guttate Psoriasis

• High Yield Facts: Acute eruption of small papules.
• Risk Factors: Streptococcal infection.
• Etiology: Autoimmune.
• Age Range: Children, young adults.
• Clinical Signs: Small, drop-like papules.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: None.
• Diagnosis: Clinical, throat culture.
• Treatment: Topical corticosteroids, phototherapy.

Chronic Plaque Psoriasis

• High Yield Facts: Most common type of psoriasis.
• Risk Factors: Genetic predisposition, stress.
• Etiology: Autoimmune.
• Age Range: Any age.
• Clinical Signs: Red, scaly plaques.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: Nail changes.
• Diagnosis: Clinical.
• Treatment: Topical corticosteroids, vitamin D analogs, biologics.

Palmoplantar Psoriasis

• High Yield Facts: Psoriasis affecting palms and soles.
• Risk Factors: Same as chronic plaque psoriasis.
• Etiology: Autoimmune.
• Age Range: Any age.
• Clinical Signs: Thickened, scaly plaques.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: Fissures.
• Diagnosis: Clinical.
• Treatment: Topical corticosteroids, phototherapy.

Flexural Psoriasis

• High Yield Facts: Psoriasis in skin folds.
• Risk Factors: Same as chronic plaque psoriasis.
• Etiology: Autoimmune.
• Age Range: Any age.
• Clinical Signs: Red, shiny plaques.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: None.
• Diagnosis: Clinical.
• Treatment: Topical corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors.

Scalp Psoriasis

• High Yield Facts: Psoriasis affecting the scalp.
• Risk Factors: Same as chronic plaque psoriasis.
• Etiology: Autoimmune.
• Age Range: Any age.
• Clinical Signs: Red, scaly patches on scalp.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: None.
• Diagnosis: Clinical.
• Treatment: Topical corticosteroids, tar shampoos.

Erythrodermic Psoriasis

• High Yield Facts: Severe, generalized form of psoriasis.
• Risk Factors: Withdrawal of systemic steroids, infection.
• Etiology: Autoimmune.
• Age Range: Any age.
• Clinical Signs: Widespread redness, scaling.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: Systemic symptoms.
• Diagnosis: Clinical.
• Treatment: Hospitalization, systemic therapy.

Disorders of Sweating

Dry Skin (Xeroderma)

• High Yield Facts: Rough, flaky skin due to decreased moisture.
• Risk Factors: Aging, environmental factors.
• Etiology: Decreased sebum production.
• Age Range: Any age, more common in elderly.
• Clinical Signs: Dry, rough skin.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: Itching.
• Diagnosis: Clinical.
• Treatment: Moisturizers, avoid hot showers.

Hyperhidrosis

• High Yield Facts: Excessive sweating.
• Risk Factors: Genetic predisposition.
• Etiology: Overactivity of sweat glands.
• Age Range: Any age.
• Clinical Signs: Excessive sweating, especially palms, soles, axillae.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: None.
• Diagnosis: Clinical.
• Treatment: Antiperspirants, botulinum toxin, sympathectomy.

Miliaria Rubra (Heat Rash)

• High Yield Facts: Blockage of sweat ducts.
• Risk Factors: Hot, humid conditions.
• Etiology: Blocked sweat ducts.
• Age Range: Any age.
• Clinical Signs: Itchy, red papules.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: None.
• Diagnosis: Clinical.
• Treatment: Cooling, topical corticosteroids.

Intertrigo

• High Yield Facts: Inflammation in skin folds.
• Risk Factors: Obesity, diabetes.
• Etiology: Friction, moisture.
• Age Range: Any age.
• Clinical Signs: Red, macerated skin.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: Secondary infection.
• Diagnosis: Clinical.
• Treatment: Drying agents, antifungals.

Pitted Keratolysis

• High Yield Facts: Bacterial infection causing pitted lesions.
• Risk Factors: Excessive sweating.
• Etiology: Corynebacterium species.
• Age Range: Any age.
• Clinical Signs: Pitted lesions on soles.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: Odor.
• Diagnosis: Clinical.
• Treatment: Topical antibiotics, hygiene measures.

Hidradenitis Suppurativa

• High Yield Facts: Chronic inflammatory condition affecting apocrine glands.
• Risk Factors: Obesity, smoking.
• Etiology: Blockage of hair follicles.
• Age Range: Young adults.
• Clinical Signs: Painful nodules, abscesses.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: Scarring, sinus tracts.
• Diagnosis: Clinical.
• Treatment: Antibiotics, surgery, biologics.

Hair Disorders

Alopecia (Hair Loss)

• High Yield Facts: Loss of hair.
• Risk Factors: Genetic predisposition, stress.
• Etiology: Androgenetic, autoimmune, telogen effluvium.
• Age Range: Any age.
• Clinical Signs: Diffuse or patchy hair loss.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: None.
• Diagnosis: Clinical, scalp biopsy.
• Treatment: Minoxidil, finasteride, corticosteroids for alopecia areata.

Trichotillomania

• High Yield Facts: Hair pulling disorder.
• Risk Factors: Psychiatric conditions.
• Etiology: Compulsive behavior.
• Age Range: Children, adolescents.
• Clinical Signs: Patchy hair loss with broken hairs.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: None.
• Diagnosis: Clinical.
• Treatment: Behavioral therapy, SSRIs.

Hirsutism

• High Yield Facts: Excessive hair growth in women.
• Risk Factors: PCOS, adrenal hyperplasia.
• Etiology: Increased androgens.
• Age Range: Reproductive age women.
• Clinical Signs: Male-pattern hair growth.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: Acne.
• Diagnosis: Clinical, hormonal evaluation.
• Treatment: Oral contraceptives, antiandrogens (spironolactone).

Nail Disorders

Onychomycosis

• High Yield Facts: Fungal infection of the nails.
• Risk Factors: Nail trauma, occlusive footwear.
• Etiology: Trichophyton rubrum.
• Age Range: Adults.
• Clinical Signs: Thickened, discolored nails.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: None.
• Diagnosis: Clinical, KOH prep, culture.
• Treatment: Oral antifungals (terbinafine, itraconazole).

Ingrown Toenail

• High Yield Facts: Nail growing into the lateral nail fold.
• Risk Factors: Improper nail trimming, tight shoes.
• Etiology: Mechanical pressure.
• Age Range: Any age.
• Clinical Signs: Pain, redness, swelling.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: Secondary infection.
• Diagnosis: Clinical.
• Treatment: Proper nail trimming, surgical removal.

Fungal Infections

• High Yield Facts: Infection of the nail plate.
• Risk Factors: Nail trauma, occlusive footwear.
• Etiology: Dermatophytes, yeasts.
• Age Range: Adults.
• Clinical Signs: Discoloration, thickening.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: None.
• Diagnosis: Clinical, KOH prep, culture.
• Treatment: Oral antifungals.

Psoriatic Changes

• High Yield Facts: Nail changes associated with psoriasis.
• Risk Factors: Psoriasis.
• Etiology: Autoimmune.
• Age Range: Any age.
• Clinical Signs: Pitting, onycholysis, oil spots.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: None.
• Diagnosis: Clinical.
• Treatment: Topical corticosteroids, systemic therapy for severe cases.

Dermatological Manifestations of Other Diseases

Lichen Planus

• High Yield Facts: Inflammatory condition affecting skin and mucous membranes.
• Risk Factors: Hepatitis C, drug exposure.
• Etiology: Unknown, possibly autoimmune.
• Age Range: Middle-aged adults.
• Clinical Signs: Purple, pruritic, polygonal papules.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: Wickham striae.
• Diagnosis: Clinical, biopsy.
• Treatment: Topical corticosteroids, antihistamines.

Sarcoidosis

• High Yield Facts: Multisystem granulomatous disorder.
• Risk Factors: African descent, family history.
• Etiology: Unknown.
• Age Range: Young adults.
• Clinical Signs: Erythema nodosum, lupus pernio.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: Systemic involvement (lungs, eyes).
• Diagnosis: Clinical, biopsy.
• Treatment: Corticosteroids, immunosuppressants.

Raynaud’s Disease

• High Yield Facts: Vasospastic disorder of extremities.
• Risk Factors: Cold exposure, stress.
• Etiology: Vascular hyperreactivity.
• Age Range: Young adults.
• Clinical Signs: Triphasic color changes (white, blue, red).
• Extra Skin Symptoms: Ulceration in severe cases.
• Diagnosis: Clinical, nailfold capillaroscopy.
• Treatment: Avoidance of triggers, calcium channel blockers.

Pyoderma Gangrenosum

• High Yield Facts: Ulcerative skin condition.
• Risk Factors: Inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis.
• Etiology: Unknown, possibly autoimmune.
• Age Range: Adults.
• Clinical Signs: Painful, necrotic ulcers with violaceous borders.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: Systemic symptoms in some cases.
• Diagnosis: Clinical, exclusion of other causes.
• Treatment: Corticosteroids, immunosuppressants.

Purpuric Conditions (ITP, TTP)

• High Yield Facts: Bleeding disorders.
• Risk Factors: Autoimmune diseases, infections.
• Etiology: Thrombocytopenia.
• Age Range: Any age.
• Clinical Signs: Petechiae, purpura.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: Systemic symptoms (TTP).
• Diagnosis: Clinical, blood tests.
• Treatment: Corticosteroids, IVIG (ITP); plasma exchange (TTP).

Vasculitis (Polyarteritis Nodosa)

• High Yield Facts: Inflammatory condition of blood vessels.
• Risk Factors: Hepatitis B, autoimmune diseases.
• Etiology: Immune complex deposition.
• Age Range: Adults.
• Clinical Signs: Palpable purpura, ulcers.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: Systemic involvement (kidneys, nerves).
• Diagnosis: Clinical, biopsy.
• Treatment: Corticosteroids, immunosuppressants.

Kawasaki Disease

• High Yield Facts: Acute febrile illness in children.
• Risk Factors: Unknown.
• Etiology: Unknown.
• Age Range: Children under 5.
• Clinical Signs: Fever, conjunctivitis, rash, strawberry tongue.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: Desquamation of fingers and toes.
• Diagnosis: Clinical, echocardiogram.
• Treatment: IVIG, aspirin.

Erythroderma

• High Yield Facts: Generalized redness and scaling of the skin.
• Risk Factors: Psoriasis, drug reactions.
• Etiology: Various.
• Age Range: Any age.
• Clinical Signs: Red, scaly skin over most of the body.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: Systemic symptoms.
• Diagnosis: Clinical, biopsy.
• Treatment: Identification and treatment of underlying cause, supportive care.

Drug Eruptions

• High Yield Facts: Adverse skin reactions to medications.
• Risk Factors: Drug exposure.
• Etiology: Immune-mediated.
• Age Range: Any age.
• Clinical Signs: Maculopapular rash, urticaria, fixed drug eruption.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: Systemic symptoms in severe cases.
• Diagnosis: Clinical, drug history.
• Treatment: Discontinuation of offending drug, antihistamines, corticosteroids.

Stevens-Johnson Syndrome & Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis

• High Yield Facts: Severe mucocutaneous reactions.
• Risk Factors: Drug exposure, infections.
• Etiology: Immune-mediated.
• Age Range: Any age.
• Clinical Signs: Erythema, blistering, mucosal involvement.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: Systemic symptoms.
• Diagnosis: Clinical, biopsy.
• Treatment: Hospitalization, supportive care, IVIG.

Pemphigus Vulgaris

• High Yield Facts: Autoimmune blistering disorder.
• Risk Factors: Genetic predisposition.
• Etiology: Autoantibodies against desmogleins.
• Age Range: Middle-aged adults.
• Clinical Signs: Flaccid blisters, erosions.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: Mucosal involvement.
• Diagnosis: Clinical, biopsy with immunofluorescence.
• Treatment: Corticosteroids, immunosuppressants.

Erythema Nodosum

• High Yield Facts: Inflammatory condition of subcutaneous fat.
• Risk Factors: Infections, medications, sarcoidosis.
• Etiology: Hypersensitivity reaction.
• Age Range: Young adults.
• Clinical Signs: Tender, red nodules on shins.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: Fever, arthralgia.
• Diagnosis: Clinical, biopsy.
• Treatment: Treat underlying cause, NSAIDs.

Erythema Multiforme

• High Yield Facts: Acute, self-limited reaction.
• Risk Factors: Infections, medications.
• Etiology: Immune-mediated.
• Age Range: Young adults.
• Clinical Signs: Target lesions, mucosal involvement.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: None.
• Diagnosis: Clinical, biopsy if uncertain.
• Treatment: Supportive, corticosteroids for severe cases.

Autoimmune Disease, Including Vitiligo

• High Yield Facts: Loss of skin pigment.
• Risk Factors: Family history, autoimmune diseases.
• Etiology: Autoimmune destruction of melanocytes.
• Age Range: Any age.
• Clinical Signs: Depigmented macules.
• Extra Skin Symptoms: None.
• Diagnosis: Clinical.
• Treatment: Topical corticosteroids, phototherapy.